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Here's a thesis: in the current environment, there are three significant ecological niches for general purpose languages. They can be expressed as combinations of features: 1. low level, with strong control over what happens when you do things; such a language is above all predictable by default: C, C++ 2. loose control (with features such as garbage collection), but statically and strongly typed for compile-time assurance: Java, C# 3. loose control and dynamically typed: Python, Ruby