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There has been a lot of discussion about the different concurrency models provided in languages like Java (shared-state) vs those provided in languages like Scala and Erlang (message-passing). The latter languages use an actor-based model that relies on setting up independent actors and (reliably) passing messages between them, rather than coordinating access to shared state. The actors run as lightweight thread-like entities and are expected to exist in large numbers (far more than the typical number of threads in a Java program).